Kugura Roboti za Servo zifite umurongo wa gatatu: Amahame ngenderwaho n'ibyemezo by'inganda

Kugura Roboti za Servo zifite umurongo wa gatatu: Amahame ngenderwaho n'ibyemezo by'inganda

Ku bashinzwe amasoko mu nganda zo mu mahanga n'abahanga mu by'imishinga ikora ku buryo bwikora, icyemezo cyo kugura robots za servo zifite umurongo wa gatatu Biragoye cyane kuruta kugereranya ibipimo no kubara ibiciro gusa. Cyane cyane mu bihe byo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga, itsinda ry'ibikoresho bidafite ibyangombwa by'ingenzi bishobora gutera gutinda kwa gasutamo, igihe cyo gukora ibicuruzwa kidakora, ndetse n'ibyago byo guhagarika isoko. Iyi nkuru izasesengura neza agaciro k'ingenzi k'ibipimo ngenderwaho by'inganda n'ibyemezo, yibanda ku bintu bifatika byo gutanga amasoko, kugira ngo bigufashe kwirinda "imitego yo ku giciro gito" no kubaka ingamba zo kugura zitekanye.

I. Intangiriro: "Ikosa rikomeye" mu gutanga amasoko mu mahanga - Inyigo y'ibyabaye ku isi nyayo

Uruganda rw’i Burayi rukora ibikoresho by’imodoka rwaguze robo 12 za servo zifite umurongo wa gatatu muri Aziya mu 2024 kugira ngo zikoreshwe neza. Nyuma y’uko ibikoresho bigeze ku cyambu cya Hamburg, mu Budage, igenzura rya gasutamo ryagaragaje ibi bikurikira:

Ntiyagiraga raporo y’ikizamini cya EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) cyemewe na CE, inanirwa kubahiriza amabwiriza y’imashini za EU (2006/42/EC);

Igipimo cy’umutekano cya moteri ya servo cyari IP54 gusa, nticyujuje ibipimo bya ISO 12100 ku "ibidukikije bitose mu nganda."

Ibicuruzwa byaje gufungirwa ku cyambu iminsi 21, binjiza amafaranga angana na 86.000 by'amayero yo kugabanya ibiciro ndetse n'amafaranga yo kubibika. Umuyoboro w'ibicuruzwa warafunzwe kubera ibura ry'ibikoresho, bituma hatangwa indishyi y'amayero 120.000 yo kwirengagiza amabwiriza. Iri soko rimwe, ryirengagije icyemezo gisanzwe, ryateje igihombo cy'amayero agera hafi 200.000.

Iyi si inkuru yonyine. Nk’uko raporo yo mu 2024 yakozwe n’Ishyirahamwe Mpuzamahanga Rishinzwe Kugura Imashini (IMPA) ibigaragaza, amakimbirane ashingiye ku masoko ku isi aterwa no "kubura icyemezo cy’isoko ry’imashini" agize 37% by’ibibazo byose birebana no kugura imashini, aho buri kibazo gitera igihombo cy’ubukungu kingana n’inshuro 1.8 z’amafaranga yaguzwe.

II. Ubumenyi bw'ibanze: Amabwiriza n'uburyo bwo kwemeza serivisi z'imirongo itatu Ukuboko kwa Robotics

Kugira ngo wirinde ingaruka zo kugura, ni ngombwa kubanza gusobanukirwa ko intwaro za robotike zifite umurongo wa gatatu, nk'ibikoresho by'ingenzi by'ikoranabuhanga mu nganda, zifite amahame n'ibyemezo bikubiyemo umutekano, imikorere, n'iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko. Amasoko atandukanye afite ibisabwa bisobanutse neza.

2.1 Amahame Ngenderwaho Ahuriweho ku rwego Mpuzamahanga: "Umupaka ntarengwa" w'abatanga amasoko ku isit

Izi ngamba zikoreshwa nk'"ururimi ruhuriweho" mu masoko atandukanye kandi zigagena niba ibikoresho bifite ubushobozi bw'ibanze mu nganda:

ISO 13849-1 (Umutekano w'Imashini): Igena ibisabwa mu kugenzura umutekano ku maboko ya roboti. Urugero, igihe cyo guhagarara mu gihe cy'impanuka cyo guhuza ibintu bitatu kigomba kuba amasegonda 0.5, kandi ikosa ry'ibanze ryo kurinda moteri ya servo ntirigomba kurenga ± 5% kugira ngo hirindwe imvune ku muntu cyangwa kwangirika kw'ibikoresho bitewe n'imashini zigenda zicika.

ISO 9283 (Ibisobanuro by'imikorere ya Robot): Igaragaza uburyo bwo gupima uburyo bwo gushyiramo neza no gusubiramo kw'amaboko ya roboti ya servo afite umurongo wa gatatu. Urugero, hamwe n'umutwaro wa 5kg, gukoresha neza bigomba kuba ≤±0.1mm naho gusubiramo ≤±0.05mm (agaciro kabyo karatandukanye bitewe n'icyitegererezo cy'ibikoresho, ariko ibipimo by'ibizamini ni ibipimo ngenderwaho ku isi yose).

IEC 61800-5-1 (Sisitemu zo gutwara amashanyarazi zihuta zishobora guhinduka): Zishingiye ku mutekano w'amashanyarazi wa sisitemu zo gutwara servo, zikenera ubushobozi bwo kwirinda gushyushya ≥100MΩ no kwirinda gushyushya ubutaka ≤0.1Ω kugira ngo hirindwe impanuka zo mu kazi ziterwa no gusohora kw'amashanyarazi.

2.2 Icyemezo cy’Akarere Gitegetswe: "Inyandiko yo Kubona" ​​ku Isoko Rigamije

Ibihugu/uturere dutandukanye tuzashyiraho ibisabwa kugira ngo habeho icyemezo cy’ibanze hejuru y’amahame mpuzamahanga. Ibicuruzwa bitujuje ibi bisabwa ntibishobora kugurishwa cyangwa gukoreshwa mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko:

Icyemezo cya EU CE (Amabwiriza y'imashini + Amabwiriza ya EMC):
Intwaro za roboti eshatu zoherejwe mu Muryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi zigomba kubahiriza amabwiriza y’imashini (MD) n’amabwiriza agenga imikorere y’amashanyarazi (EMC):

Amabwiriza ya MD: "Raporo yo gusuzuma ibyago" irakenewe kugira ngo yerekane ko ibikoresho byirinze ibyago 16 bya tekiniki, nko gusya no gukata (urugero, icyuma giterura Z-axis kigomba kuba gifite igikoresho gifunga kidapfa);
Amabwiriza ya EMC: Imirasire ya elegitoroniki y'ibikoresho mu gihe cyo gukora igomba gupimwa (≤54dBμV/m) kugira ngo irebe ko itabangamira ibindi bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga biri mu iduka, nka PLC na sensor.

Icyitonderwa: Icyemezo cya CE kigomba gutangwa n'ikigo cyamenyeshejwe n'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi (nka TÜV cyangwa SGS). Icyemezo cya CE cyihariye ntigikoreshwa mu igenzura rya gasutamo.

Icyemezo cya US UL 1998:
Ku bijyanye n'umutekano w'amashanyarazi, iki cyemezo cyibanda ku gupima ubushyuhe burenze urugero n'uburinzi bwa sisitemu ya servo. Urugero, niba ubushyuhe bwa moteri burenze 155°C, igikoresho gikingira kigomba gufunga amashanyarazi mu masegonda 3. Byongeye kandi, ibikoresho bigomba kuba byanditseho ikimenyetso cya UL na nomero ya dosiye; bitabaye ibyo, bizananirana n'igenzura rya OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration).

Icyemezo cy'Ubuyapani cya JIS B 8433:
Ibisabwa ku kuboko kwa roboti mu bijyanye no guhuza ibidukikije birakomeye kurushaho. Urugero, kwangirika kw'ubuziranenge bw'aho umuntu ahagaze bigomba kuba ≤10% mu bushyuhe buri hagati ya -10°C na 40°C, kandi Robot MIgomba gukora amasaha 72 buri gihe ku bushyuhe bwa 90% (budakonjesha) nta gucika kw'amashanyarazi.

Icyemezo cya TISI yo mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Aziya (Tayilande) n'icyemezo cya SIRIM (Maleziya):
Nubwo amahame ngenderwaho y’ibizamini areba sisitemu ya ISO, ibizamini byo mu gace bigomba gukorwa n’ikigo gishinzwe gutanga ibyangombwa byo mu gace, kandi icyemezo kigomba kuba kirimo ibirango by’ururimi rwa Tayilande/Malayi kugira ngo hirindwe ibibazo byo kwemererwa ibicuruzwa bya gasutamo bitewe n’imbogamizi z’ururimi.

III. Agaciro Gakomeye: Amahame Ngenderwaho n'Icyemezo: Birenze "Pasiporo" gusa—Ni "Igenzura ry'Ubwiza"

Abaguzi benshi babona icyemezo gisanzwe nk' "ikiguzi cya ngombwa," birengagiza agaciro kacyo gatatu k'ingenzi—agaciro kagena mu buryo butaziguye "igihe cyo kubaho cy'ibikoresho," "ikiguzi cyo kubikoresha no kubibungabunga," n' "inyungu ku ishoramari."

3.1 Agaciro ka 1: Kugenzura "Ubuziranenge Buhoraho" no kwirinda "Impinduka mu byiciro"

Abatanga serivisi bemerewe gukurikiza amabwiriza mpuzamahanga bagomba gushyiraho "uburyo bwuzuye bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge":

Ibikoresho fatizo: Moteri za Servo zigomba kubahiriza IEC 60034, kandi imashini zigabanya ibiciro zigomba gutsinda isuzuma rya ISO 14644-1 (ingano y'uduce ≤ 5μm);

Inganda: Ibikorwa byo guteranya bigomba kubahiriza ibisabwa mu kugenzura uburyo bwo gukora bwa ISO 9001. Buri gikoresho kigomba kugeragezwa inshuro 100 zikurikiranya no gupimwa amasaha 24 kugira ngo gikoreshwe neza mbere yo kuva mu ruganda;

Nyuma yo kugurisha: "Raporo yo gupima ibikoresho" ijyanye na ISO 10012 igomba gutangwa kugira ngo harebwe ko ari ukuri mu gihe cyo kubisana nyuma. Ibinyuranye n'ibyo, ibikoresho bidafite icyemezo gisanzwe bishobora kugira itandukaniro ry’ubuziranenge bwo gushyiramo ibintu kugeza kuri ± 0.3mm mu itsinda rimwe, bigatuma umusaruro w’ibicuruzwa uhindagurika ku murongo w’umusaruro wiyongera ndetse n’ikiguzi cyo kuvugurura ibintu kiyongera.

3.2 Agaciro ka 2: Kugabanya ibyago by'umutekano no kwirinda inshingano z'amategeko

70% by'ibibazo by'umutekano mu nganda bifitanye isano no kudakora neza kw'ibikoresho. Dufashe urugero rw' "urwego rw'umutekano" rwa ISO 13849-1:

Iyo roboti ya servo ifite umurongo wa gatatu ikoreshejwe mu "muntu-Robot iki"Icyitegererezo cy'imikorere, kigomba kuba cyujuje urwego rw'imikorere d (PLd). Sisitemu yo guhagarara mu bihe by'impanuka igomba gukoresha imiterere y'imiyoboro ibiri kugira ngo niba umuyoboro umwe wananiwe, undi muyoboro ushobora gutuma habaho guhagarara mu bihe by'impanuka.

Iyo ikoreshejwe mu "bintu biremereye (≥20kg)," igomba kuba yujuje urwego rwa PLe kandi ifite "icyuma gikingira amashanyarazi + sensor y'amashanyarazi" nk'uko bivugwa muri ISO 14121 kugira ngo hirindwe ko habaho impanuka zo kugenda no kugongana. Iyo ibikoresho byaguzwe bitujuje ibisabwa mu mutekano, mu gihe habaye ikibazo cy'umutekano, isosiyete ntabwo izaba ifite inshingano zo kwishyura gusa amafaranga y'ubuvuzi bw'abakozi n'indishyi, ahubwo ishobora no gucibwa amande n'inzego zishinzwe kugenzura ibikorwa by'ibanze kubera "gukoresha ibikoresho bitujuje ibisabwa" (urugero, muri EU, amande ashobora kugera kuri 4% by'inyungu z'isosiyete ku mwaka).

3.3 Agaciro ka 3: Kugenzura "Guhuza Igihe Kirekire" no Kugabanya Ikiguzi cyo Kuvugurura

Ibikoresho bikora mu nganda akenshi bigira igihe cyo gukora kuva ku myaka 8-10, muri icyo gihe hashobora kuba hakenewe kuvugurura umurongo w’ibikorwa no guhuza sisitemu. Ibikoresho byahawe icyemezo gisanzwe bitanga inyungu zikurikira zo guhuza:
Porotokoli y'itumanaho: Porotokoli za PROFINET na EtherCAT zemewe na IEC 61158, zemerera guhuza neza na PLC zisanzwe (nk'uruhererekane rwa Siemens S7-1500 na Mitsubishi Q);
Porogaramu Ihuza: Inkunga y’amahame ya porogaramu ya ISO 15066 ikorana n’abantu ikuraho ikibazo cyo kuvugurura umushoferi iyo wongeyeho sisitemu zo kureba nyuma;
Gusimbuza Ibice Bisigaye: Ibice by'ingenzi (nk'ibinyabiziga bya servo na encoders) bikurikiza ibipimo mpuzamahanga, bikuraho gukenera gusimbuza ibikoresho byihariye kandi bigabanya igihe cyo kugura ibikoresho bisigaye n'ikiguzi.
Ibikoresho bitari iby’ubuziranenge bikunze gukoresha protocole zihariye n’ibice bitari iby’ubuziranenge. Ivugurura rya nyuma rishobora gutera ibibazo nko kudashobora guhuzwa na sisitemu nshya cyangwa ibice bisigaye, bigatuma ibikoresho bihagarara imburagihe kandi bigatera ishoramari ripfusha ubusa.

JyeMuriAmasomo yavuye mu gukora cyane: Ikiguzi kimwe cya kabiri cy’ibanga mu kwirengagiza icyemezo gisanzwe

Abaguzi benshi bahitamo ibikoresho bidafite icyemezo kubera "igiciro gito," ariko ntibazi ko ibiciro byihishe nyuma bishobora kurenza kure amafaranga yo kuzigama mbere:

4.1 Amafaranga yo kwishyura imisoro n'amahoro n'ibiciro byo kugera ku isoko

Ibicuruzwa Bifunze: Nk’uko bigaragara mu rugero rwa mbere, ibikoresho bidafite icyemezo cya CE bifungirwa ku cyambu cy’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi, amafaranga y’imperekeza ya buri munsi agera ku mayero 4.000, kandi igihe cyo gufungwa gisanzwe kimara icyumweru 1-4.

Kongera kwemeza: Niba kongerera kwemeza mu gace utuyemo bikenewe, ikiguzi gishobora kuba inshuro 2-3 z'icyemezo cy'uwabikoze mbere (urugero, kongerera kwemeza mu buryo bwa CE bigura €15,000-30,000 kandi bishobora gufata ibyumweru 4-6).

Gusubiramo: Iyo ibikoresho byananiwe kwemezwa n'ikigo, bigomba gusubizwa uwabikoze mbere kugira ngo bikosorwe. Amafaranga yo kohereza no gusana ashobora kugera kuri 30%-50% by'igiciro cyo kugura.

4.2 Amafaranga yo gukoresha no kubungabunga

Inshuro nyinshi zo gucika intege: Moteri za Servo zidafite icyemezo gisanzwe zifite igihe cy’amasaha agera ku 5.000 hagati yo gucika intege (MTBF), mu gihe moteri zujuje ibisabwa na IEC zifite igihe cy’amasaha agera ku 15.000, itandukaniro rinini mu gihe cyo kubungabunga.

Ingorane mu kubungabunga: Ibice bitari bisanzwe bisaba gukora ibikoresho byihariye, aho ibice bisigaye bimara ibyumweru 8-12. Muri iki gihe, ibikoresho bidakora bituma umurongo w'ibikorwa udakora, bikaba byatwara ibihumbi by'amadolari ku munsi.

Ibiciro by'ingufu biri hejuru: Sisitemu za Servo zitujuje amabwiriza ya IEC 61800-3 yo gukoresha ingufu neza zikoresha amashanyarazi menshi kuva kuri 15% kugeza kuri 20% kurusha sisitemu zikoresha ingufu neza. Iyo icyuma kimwe gikora amasaha 16 ku munsi, ikiguzi cy'amashanyarazi cyiyongereyeho buri mwaka ni hafi €2,000.

4.3 Ikiguzi cy'amategeko n'icyubahiro

Amande agenga imikorere: OSHA yo muri Amerika ishobora gufatira amande agera ku $136.000 kuri buri gikoresho ku bigo bihamwe n’icyaha cyo gukoresha ibikoresho bidafite ibyangombwa bya UL.

Igihombo ku gicuruzwa: Iyo umukiriya yatumije ibicuruzwa bye bitinze kubera ikibazo cy’ibikoresho, ikigo gishobora guhanirwa ibihano by’amasezerano (ubusanzwe 5%-10% by’agaciro k’igicuruzwa cye) ndetse kikanahomba umukiriya w’igihe kirekire.

Kwangirika k'ikirango: Iyo habayeho ikibazo cy'umutekano, ikigo gihura n'ibibazo byo kugaragara mu itangazamakuru no gukora iperereza ku mategeko. Kwangirika kw'izina ry'ikirango bishobora gutuma isoko ritakaza imigabane yacyo.

4.4 Ikiguzi cyo kuvugurura no gusimbuza

Kudahuza kwa sisitemu: Ku bikoresho bidafite protocole zisanzwe, guhuza nyuma na sisitemu ya MES bisaba kongera guteza imbere interface, bigatwara hafi € 50.000-100.000.

Gushira Imbere y'igihe: Ibikoresho bishobora gutegekwa guhagarika akazi nyuma y'imyaka 3-5 bitewe no kutubahiriza amahame mashya y'umutekano (nk'amabwiriza mashya y'imashini ya EU, azashyirwa mu bikorwa mu 2027), bigabanya cyane inyungu ku ishoramari.

V. Inyigisho Ifatika yo Gutanga Isoko: Intambwe 3 zo Kwemeza Ubuziranenge bw'Amabwiriza n'Impamyabumenyi

Ni gute wakwirinda kugwa mu mpamyabumenyi mpimbano zitangwa n'abatanga serivisi? Intambwe eshatu zikurikira ni ingenzi cyane:

5.1 Intambwe ya 1: Kugenzura Urwego rushinzwe kwemeza

Icyemezo cya EU CE: Kugenzura ko urwego rutanga serivisi ari Urwego rwabimenyesheje rwa EU (inomero y'umubiri iboneka ku rubuga rwa Komisiyo y'Uburayi, nka TÜV Rheinland No. 0197 na SGS No. 0158).

Icyemezo cya UL cyo muri Amerika: Injira ku rubuga rwa UL (ul.com), andika inomero y'icyemezo, hanyuma urebe niba "Uburyo bwo Kwemeza" burimo "akaboko ka robo ya servo ifite umurongo wa gatatu" (atari igice kimwe gusa nka moteri ya servo).

Amabwiriza mpuzamahanga: Abatanga serivisi basabwa gutanga raporo y’ibizamini by’umuntu wa gatatu (nk’isuzuma ry’ubunyangamugayo rya ISO 9283). Raporo igomba kuba ikubiyemo ikirango cy’ikigo gipima CNAS cyangwa ILAC-MRA (kugira ngo hamenyekane ko habaho kwemerwa kw’isi yose).

5.2 Intambwe ya 2: Kugenzura "Ibisobanuro by'igikoresho" ukurikije amahame ngenderwaho

Ibirango by'umutekano: Igikoresho kigomba kuba gifite ikimenyetso cyerekana neza (urugero, uburebure bwa CE ≥ 5mm, ikimenyetso cya UL kigomba kuba kigizwe n'inyuguti "UL" n'igishushanyo mbonera cy'uruziga). Ikimenyetso kigomba gushushanywa cyangwa gucapwa burundu, ntabwo ari agapapuro.

Ibisobanuro bya tekiniki: Genzura ko ibipimo biri mu gitabo cy'amabwiriza y'igikoresho bihuye n'amahame ngenderwaho. Urugero, ibikoresho byemejwe na CE bigomba kuba byanditseho "EMC Class A" na "Safety Level: PLd."

Iyubahirizwa ry’ibikoresho: Reba ibyemezo by’impamyabushobozi by’ibice by’ingenzi nka moteri za servo na za reducer kugira ngo urebe neza ko "icyitegererezo cy’igikoresho cyose" na "icyitegererezo cy’ibice" bihuye (kugira ngo wirinde "guteranya igikoresho cyose gifite ibice bidafite impamyabushobozi").

5.3 Intambwe ya 3: Igenzura ry'uruganda: "Igenzura ry'ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'amahame"

Niba amafaranga yaguzwe ari menshi (urugero, arenga €500.000), ni byiza ko habaho igenzura ry’uruganda aho rukorera, hibandwa kuri ibi bikurikira:

Uburyo bwo gukora: Ese hari inyandiko zo kugenzura inzira za ISO 9001, nka "Amabwiriza y'akazi yo guteranya sisitemu ya Servo" na "Urupapuro rw'inyandiko z'ibizamini byo gusuzuma ubuziranenge"?

Ibikoresho byo Gupima: Ese hari ibikoresho byo gupima byujuje ibisabwa (urugero: interferometer ya laser yo gupima neza aho umuntu ahagaze, icyumba cyo gupima EMC cyo gupima imikorere ya electromagnetic)?

Sisitemu yo Gupima Ibikoresho Nyuma yo Kugurisha: Ese "Gahunda yo Gupima Ibikoresho" ya ISO 10012 irahari? Ese isomero ry'ibikoresho bisimbura ibindi rifite ibice by'ingenzi byujuje ibisabwa?

VI. Umwanzuro: Amahame ngenderwaho n'ibyemezo ni "ingenzi, si igisenge" cy'ibyemezo byo kugura

Igihe kugura ukuboko kwa roboti ya servo ifite umurongo wa gatatu"Igiciro" ntikigomba kuba ikintu cy'ingenzi gifatwaho umwanzuro. Amahame ngenderwaho n'ibyemezo by'inganda si imbogamizi ku kwinjira ku isoko ry'ibikoresho gusa, ahubwo ni garanti ikomeye y'ubwiza bw'ibikoresho, umutekano, no guhuza. Bishobora kugufasha kwirinda ingorane zo kugurisha ibicuruzwa kuri gasutamo, kugabanya ibibazo by'umutekano, no kugabanya ikiguzi cy'igihe kirekire, amaherezo ukagera ku ntego yo "gugura rimwe, wishimire amahoro yo mu mutima mu gihe cy'imyaka icumi." Niba uguze roboti ya servo ifite umurongo wa gatatu ku isoko ryo mu mahanga, ibaze ibibazo bitatu:

Ese yujuje ibisabwa byose bisabwa ku isoko ry’ubucuruzi?

Ese ibikoresho byujuje ibisabwa ku rwego mpuzamahanga (nk'ibikubiye muri ISO 13849 na ISO 9283)?

Ese umutanga serivisi ashobora gutanga raporo zuzuye z’ibizamini by’umuntu wa gatatu n’inyandiko zemeza ko ari we ubikoze?

Niba igisubizo ari oya, hitamo witonze, nubwo igiciro cyaba kiri hasi. N'ubundi kandi, gufata icyemezo kibi cyo kugura bishobora kugutwara amafaranga menshi kurusha uko wari ubyiteze.